Keynote

	Guy Daculsi (France) - KEYNOTE LECTURE in Hommage to the so large contributions to the field of Bioceramics and ISCM to Racquel LeGeros
INSERM Research Director, DRE class exceptional, National Institute Medical Research, Director SC3M Electron Microscopic, Micro imaging and Micro characterization Center Nantes University; FBSE, Fellow Biomaterials Science and Engineering; ISCM General secretary, International Society for Ceramic in Medicine; Chief Editor Bioceramics Development and Applications. Biologist and crystallograph, specialized in biological apatite and calcium phosphate Bioceramics. Main interest in Calcium phosphate based biomaterials and calcified tissue. Clinical research scientific coordinator in Orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, ENT. More of 430 publications, 398 communications including 84 invited conferences, 11 patents including 8 internationals. International contribution to the field of Bioceramics and Bone substitutes has been recognized by IUSBSE during the 8th World Congress on Biomaterials. A pioneer in Bioceramics for Bone regeneration. Abstract Racquel Legeros left us at 1 PM Jan. 14th 2013 in Nantes France. No one was prepared for this tragedy. Born in Philippines, she was 7 years old during the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the American military bases in the Philippines (December 7, 1941). She realized her Masters and PhD in BioChemistry at NYU in 1957 with full scholarship, again graduating with honors (Magna Cum Laude). This is the beginning of the great carriers of Racquel in the Sciences of Calcium Phosphate. Expertise in the field of calcium phosphates is internationally recognized, Professor Racquel Legeros was a member of all the learned societies of discipline, has received major honors of the IADR (International Association for Medical Research) many scientific awards, and no event on calcium phosphates takes place without Mrs. Legeros is invited to chair or present his latest work. This lecture will summarize the essential of the scientific contribution in apatite and calcium phosphate, biomineralisation and hard tissue, Bioceramics, and more recently in the field of innovation of treatment of osteoporosis.

Guy Daculsi (France) - KEYNOTE LECTURE in Hommage to the so large contributions to the field of Bioceramics and ISCM to Racquel LeGeros

INSERM Research Director, DRE class exceptional, National Institute Medical Research, Director SC3M Electron Microscopic, Micro imaging and Micro characterization Center Nantes University; FBSE, Fellow Biomaterials Science and Engineering; ISCM General secretary, International Society for Ceramic in Medicine; Chief Editor Bioceramics Development and Applications.

Biologist and crystallograph, specialized in biological apatite and calcium phosphate Bioceramics. Main interest in Calcium phosphate based biomaterials and calcified tissue. Clinical research scientific coordinator in Orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, ENT. More of 430 publications, 398 communications including 84 invited conferences, 11 patents including 8 internationals. International contribution to the field of Bioceramics and Bone substitutes has been recognized by IUSBSE during the 8th World Congress on Biomaterials. A pioneer in Bioceramics for Bone regeneration.

Abstract

Racquel Legeros left us at 1 PM Jan. 14th 2013 in Nantes France. No one was prepared for this tragedy. Born in Philippines, she was 7 years old during the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the American military bases in the Philippines (December 7, 1941). She realized her Masters and PhD in BioChemistry at NYU in 1957 with full scholarship, again graduating with honors (Magna Cum Laude). This is the beginning of the great carriers of Racquel in the Sciences of Calcium Phosphate. Expertise in the field of calcium phosphates is internationally recognized, Professor Racquel Legeros was a member of all the learned societies of discipline, has received major honors of the IADR (International Association for Medical Research) many scientific awards, and no event on calcium phosphates takes place without Mrs. Legeros is invited to chair or present his latest work. This lecture will summarize the essential of the scientific contribution in apatite and calcium phosphate, biomineralisation and hard tissue, Bioceramics, and more recently in the field of innovation of treatment of osteoporosis.

	Paul Ducheyne (USA) - Nanoporous bioceramics for the controlled release of drugs and growth factors - Bioceramics in today's cost conscious health care environment.
Paul Ducheyne is Professor of Bioengineering, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Research and Professor of Biomaterials in Dentistry at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. He is the Director of its Center for Bioactive Materials and Tissue Engineering. He also is Visiting Professor at the University of Leuven, Belgium. Paul Ducheyne has Materials Science and Engineering degrees from the K.U. Leuven. Subsequent to postdoctoral research at the University of Florida, he started his career at the K.U. Leuven where he was one of the co-founders of the Curriculum in Bioengineering. He has organized a number of symposia and meetings, such as the Fourth European Conference on Biomaterials (1983), the Engineering Foundation Conference on Bioceramics (1986) which led to the New York Academy of Sciences publication: "Bioceramics, material characteristics versus in vivo behavior", and the Sixth International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine (1993). He has lectured around the world and serves or has served on the editorial board of 10 scientific journals in the biomaterials, bioceramics, bioengineering, tissue engineering, orthopaedics and dental fields. He has authored more than 300 papers and chapters in a variety of international journals and books, he has edited 10 books, and he has been granted more than 40 patents. Paul Ducheyne has been secretary of the European Society for Biomaterials, is Past President of the Society for Biomaterials (USA) and Past President of the International Society for Ceramics in Medicine. Among other recognitions, he is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), he was the first Nanyang Visiting Professor at the Nanyang Institute of Technology, Singapore and he has received the C. William Hall Award from the Society for Biomaterials. Paul Ducheyne founded Gentis, Inc., which focuses on breakthrough concepts for spinal disorders. Previously, he founded Orthovita (NASDAQ: VITA) in 1992 and served as Chairman of its Board of Directors until 1999. Orthovita focuses on bioceramic implant materials for orthopaedics. Abstract Finding solutions to deliver drugs and large biological molecules in a controlled fashion is not a contemporary issue; however, it remains an important biomaterials and pharmacological goal. In this context, using inorganic materials, such as sol-gel processed silica and mesoporous silica has produced major advances. The benefits of ceramic controlled release materials are manifold, and can be elucidated by analyzing structure-property-processing relationships of these inorganic materials as controlled release systems. Hybrid oxide – polymeric controlled release materials, both in macroscopic form as well as in critical nano form, represent other breakthrough concepts. In this paper, the release kinetics of the incorporated molecules, the biocompatibility of the sol gel oxides, and the various unique therapies that are winding their way to clinical use will be discussed. The progress regarding the treatment of implant related infections, including MRSA infections, surgical pain control, and tissue engineering, and the effect on cost effective health care delivery will be highlighted.

Paul Ducheyne (USA) - Nanoporous bioceramics for the controlled release of drugs and growth factors - Bioceramics in today's cost conscious health care environment.

Paul Ducheyne is Professor of Bioengineering, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Research and Professor of Biomaterials in Dentistry at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. He is the Director of its Center for Bioactive Materials and Tissue Engineering. He also is Visiting Professor at the University of Leuven, Belgium.

Paul Ducheyne has Materials Science and Engineering degrees from the K.U. Leuven. Subsequent to postdoctoral research at the University of Florida, he started his career at the K.U. Leuven where he was one of the co-founders of the Curriculum in Bioengineering. He has organized a number of symposia and meetings, such as the Fourth European Conference on Biomaterials (1983), the Engineering Foundation Conference on Bioceramics (1986) which led to the New York Academy of Sciences publication: "Bioceramics, material characteristics versus in vivo behavior", and the Sixth International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine (1993). He has lectured around the world and serves or has served on the editorial board of 10 scientific journals in the biomaterials, bioceramics, bioengineering, tissue engineering, orthopaedics and dental fields. He has authored more than 300 papers and chapters in a variety of international journals and books, he has edited 10 books, and he has been granted more than 40 patents. Paul Ducheyne has been secretary of the European Society for Biomaterials, is Past President of the Society for Biomaterials (USA) and Past President of the International Society for Ceramics in Medicine. Among other recognitions, he is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), he was the first Nanyang Visiting Professor at the Nanyang Institute of Technology, Singapore and he has received the C. William Hall Award from the Society for Biomaterials. Paul Ducheyne founded Gentis, Inc., which focuses on breakthrough concepts for spinal disorders. Previously, he founded Orthovita (NASDAQ: VITA) in 1992 and served as Chairman of its Board of Directors until 1999. Orthovita focuses on bioceramic implant materials for orthopaedics.

Abstract

Finding solutions to deliver drugs and large biological molecules in a controlled fashion is not a contemporary issue; however, it remains an important biomaterials and pharmacological goal. In this context, using inorganic materials, such as sol-gel processed silica and mesoporous silica has produced major advances. The benefits of ceramic controlled release materials are manifold, and can be elucidated by analyzing structure-property-processing relationships of these inorganic materials as controlled release systems. Hybrid oxide – polymeric controlled release materials, both in macroscopic form as well as in critical nano form, represent other breakthrough concepts. In this paper, the release kinetics of the incorporated molecules, the biocompatibility of the sol gel oxides, and the various unique therapies that are winding their way to clinical use will be discussed. The progress regarding the treatment of implant related infections, including MRSA infections, surgical pain control, and tissue engineering, and the effect on cost effective health care delivery will be highlighted.

	Larry L. Hench (USA) - BIOCERAMICS: Forecast for the Future
Larry L. Hench is currently Professor of Ceramic Materials in the Department of Materials, and he is also Co-Director of the Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Centre at Imperial College, London, UK. He assumed the Chair of Ceramic Materials at Imperial College in December 1995, following 32 years at the University of Florida where he was Graduate Research Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Director of the Bioglass® Research Center and Co-Director of the Advanced Materials Research Center. He completed B.S. and PhD degrees at the Ohio State University in 1964. Larry Hench has been at the forefront of the revolution that has occurred in the past four decades in the field of bioactive glass. In 1969 Professor Hench discovered Bioglass®, the first man-made material to bond to living tissues. This unique range of soda-calcia-phospho-silica glasses is used clinically throughout the world for repair of bones, joints and teeth. This development, together with the accompanying studies of the mechanisms of glass surface reactions and chemical processing of materials, has led to many international awards, including the MRS Von Hippel Award and publication of nearly 520 research papers, 22 books and 23 patents. Larry Hench has served as President of the Society of Biomaterials, Chairman of the Glass Division of the American Ceramic Society, Chairman of the Gordon Research Conference on the Science and Technology of Biomaterials, and Chairman and Co-Chair of many international conferences. He has also served on the editorial boards of different journals. Abstract Bioactive ceramics provide the platform science and technology to stimulate the body to regenerate tissues and provide affordable improvements in healthcare for the future. Third generation biomaterials are being designed to stimulate specific cellular responses at the level of molecular biology and control tissue regeneration- a revolution in tissue repair and restoration. Third generation bioactive glasses, composites and hierarchical bioactive inorganic-organic hybrids are designed to activate genes that stimulate regeneration of living tissues. The bioactive materials release chemicals as ionic dissolution products at controlled rates that activate the cells in contact with the stimuli. The cells produce additional growth factors that in turn stimulate multiple generations of growing cells to self-assemble into the required tissues in situ, along biochemical and biomechanical gradients. Attachment and synchronised proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts rapidly occur on the surface of the bioactive materials. Seven families of genes are up-regulated when primary human osteoblasts are exposed to the ionic dissolution products of bioactive glasses. Mineralisation of the matrix follows and mature bone cells (osteocytes) are encased in a collagen-apatite matrix. Examples of bone regeneration are presented with clinical cases of oral, periodontal, maxillo-facial and orthopaedic surgery. Obtaining and maintaining a blood supply in regenerated tissues and in implanted tissue engineered constructs is essential for long term stability. Third generation bioactive, resorbable composites have been used to enhance vascularization of a regenerated soft tissue construct, a process termed angiogenesis. These results show promise for developing new bioactive materials as particles or meshes for minimally invasive micro-injectable augmentation of soft tissues and also potential for repair of the cardiovascular system. Bioactive borate glass nano-fibre meshes show remarkable ability to enhance the rapid healing of wounds and regeneration of new skin that replicates normal skin with little scar tissues. Examples are presented of healing of life threatening wounds and chronic wounds that had not healed for up to 24 years. An even more effective solution to the cost of healthcare for an aging population is to emphasize prevention of tissue damage. A new significant healthcare application of bioactive glass is use as small particles in tooth paste. The bioactive glass phase leads to occlusion of any exposed dentinal tubules and rapid re-mineralization of the teeth and prevention of tooth sensitivity (pain) and inhibition of gingivitis. This innovative application of bioactive glasses provides the basis for a new approach to healthcare; e.g, prevention of tissue deterioration. This is the most cost effective and patient friendly revolution to improvement of healthcare in our lifetime and for many years to come.

Larry L. Hench (USA) - BIOCERAMICS: Forecast for the Future

Larry L. Hench is currently Professor of Ceramic Materials in the Department of Materials, and he is also Co-Director of the Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Centre at Imperial College, London, UK. He assumed the Chair of Ceramic Materials at Imperial College in December 1995, following 32 years at the University of Florida where he was Graduate Research Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Director of the Bioglass® Research Center and Co-Director of the Advanced Materials Research Center. He completed B.S. and PhD degrees at the Ohio State University in 1964.

Larry Hench has been at the forefront of the revolution that has occurred in the past four decades in the field of bioactive glass. In 1969 Professor Hench discovered Bioglass®, the first man-made material to bond to living tissues. This unique range of soda-calcia-phospho-silica glasses is used clinically throughout the world for repair of bones, joints and teeth. This development, together with the accompanying studies of the mechanisms of glass surface reactions and chemical processing of materials, has led to many international awards, including the MRS Von Hippel Award and publication of nearly 520 research papers, 22 books and 23 patents. Larry Hench has served as President of the Society of Biomaterials, Chairman of the Glass Division of the American Ceramic Society, Chairman of the Gordon Research Conference on the Science and Technology of Biomaterials, and Chairman and Co-Chair of many international conferences. He has also served on the editorial boards of different journals.

Abstract

Bioactive ceramics provide the platform science and technology to stimulate the body to regenerate tissues and provide affordable improvements in healthcare for the future. Third generation biomaterials are being designed to stimulate specific cellular responses at the level of molecular biology and control tissue regeneration- a revolution in tissue repair and restoration. Third generation bioactive glasses, composites and hierarchical bioactive inorganic-organic hybrids are designed to activate genes that stimulate regeneration of living tissues. The bioactive materials release chemicals as ionic dissolution products at controlled rates that activate the cells in contact with the stimuli. The cells produce additional growth factors that in turn stimulate multiple generations of growing cells to self-assemble into the required tissues in situ, along biochemical and biomechanical gradients. Attachment and synchronised proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts rapidly occur on the surface of the bioactive materials. Seven families of genes are up-regulated when primary human osteoblasts are exposed to the ionic dissolution products of bioactive glasses. Mineralisation of the matrix follows and mature bone cells (osteocytes) are encased in a collagen-apatite matrix. Examples of bone regeneration are presented with clinical cases of oral, periodontal, maxillo-facial and orthopaedic surgery. Obtaining and maintaining a blood supply in regenerated tissues and in implanted tissue engineered constructs is essential for long term stability. Third generation bioactive, resorbable composites have been used to enhance vascularization of a regenerated soft tissue construct, a process termed angiogenesis. These results show promise for developing new bioactive materials as particles or meshes for minimally invasive micro-injectable augmentation of soft tissues and also potential for repair of the cardiovascular system. Bioactive borate glass nano-fibre meshes show remarkable ability to enhance the rapid healing of wounds and regeneration of new skin that replicates normal skin with little scar tissues. Examples are presented of healing of life threatening wounds and chronic wounds that had not healed for up to 24 years. An even more effective solution to the cost of healthcare for an aging population is to emphasize prevention of tissue damage. A new significant healthcare application of bioactive glass is use as small particles in tooth paste. The bioactive glass phase leads to occlusion of any exposed dentinal tubules and rapid re-mineralization of the teeth and prevention of tooth sensitivity (pain) and inhibition of gingivitis. This innovative application of bioactive glasses provides the basis for a new approach to healthcare; e.g, prevention of tissue deterioration. This is the most cost effective and patient friendly revolution to improvement of healthcare in our lifetime and for many years to come.

	Kunio Ishikawa (Japan) - Carbonate apatite bone replacement
Professor at Department of Biomaterials, Kyushu University, Japan Fields of Interest: Biomaterials for the Reconstruction and Regeneration of Bone Defect, Apatite, Calcium Phosphate, Self-setting Cement, Implant Materials Education:Ph. D., Osaka University of Tokyo, 1990 Membership of Academic Societies: International Association for Dental Research, International Society for Ceramics in Medicine, Nano Biomedical Society, Japanese Society of Ceramics, Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices Awards & Honors: Award for Encouragement of Research, Japanese Society for Biomaterials, Japan (1999); Best Presentation Award, Asian BioCeramics (2003); Best Presentation Award, Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices (2005); IUMRS Encouragement Award, International Union of Materials Research Society (2008); Best Presentation Award, AUN/SEED-Net (2009). Abstract Although inorganic component of bone is carbonate apatite (CO3Ap), hydroxyapatite has been used for the reconstruction of bone defects since CO3Ap decompose at higher temperature required for sintering process. We have proposed fabrication of CO3Ap block based on the dissolution-precipitation reaction of precursor such as calcium carbonate and found CO3Ap block is replaced to bone based on bone remodeling cycle. Although CO3Ap is replaced to bone gradually, bone replacement that replaced to bone quicker is desired in clinics. Since CO3Ap is replaced to bone based on bone remodeling process, ie, resorption by osteoclast and following new bone formation by osteoblasts, interconnected porous structure similar to cancellous bone is ideal for the faster replacement. Polyurethane foam template method is useful for the fabrication of CO3Ap foam. Although CO3Ap foam replaced to bone faster, it is brittle and its handling properties are not satisfactory for clinical use. Bone is a composite of CO3Ap and collagen, and collagen played important role for its elastic behavior. Composite of CO3Ap foam with PLGA significantly increased the handling properties without decreasing its osteoconductivity when CO3Ap was coated on the surface of PLGA.

Kunio Ishikawa (Japan) - Carbonate apatite bone replacement

Professor at Department of Biomaterials, Kyushu University, Japan

Fields of Interest: Biomaterials for the Reconstruction and Regeneration of Bone Defect, Apatite, Calcium Phosphate, Self-setting Cement, Implant Materials

Education:Ph. D., Osaka University of Tokyo, 1990

Membership of Academic Societies: International Association for Dental Research, International Society for Ceramics in Medicine, Nano Biomedical Society, Japanese Society of Ceramics, Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices

Awards & Honors: Award for Encouragement of Research, Japanese Society for Biomaterials, Japan (1999); Best Presentation Award, Asian BioCeramics (2003); Best Presentation Award, Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices (2005); IUMRS Encouragement Award, International Union of Materials Research Society (2008); Best Presentation Award, AUN/SEED-Net (2009).

Abstract

Although inorganic component of bone is carbonate apatite (CO3Ap), hydroxyapatite has been used for the reconstruction of bone defects since CO3Ap decompose at higher temperature required for sintering process. We have proposed fabrication of CO3Ap block based on the dissolution-precipitation reaction of precursor such as calcium carbonate and found CO3Ap block is replaced to bone based on bone remodeling cycle. Although CO3Ap is replaced to bone gradually, bone replacement that replaced to bone quicker is desired in clinics. Since CO3Ap is replaced to bone based on bone remodeling process, ie, resorption by osteoclast and following new bone formation by osteoblasts, interconnected porous structure similar to cancellous bone is ideal for the faster replacement. Polyurethane foam template method is useful for the fabrication of CO3Ap foam. Although CO3Ap foam replaced to bone faster, it is brittle and its handling properties are not satisfactory for clinical use. Bone is a composite of CO3Ap and collagen, and collagen played important role for its elastic behavior. Composite of CO3Ap foam with PLGA significantly increased the handling properties without decreasing its osteoconductivity when CO3Ap was coated on the surface of PLGA.

	Xingdong Zhang (China)
Professor and Honorary Director of National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials at Sichuan University in China, Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Chairman of Chinese Committee for Biomaterials. He graduated from the department of physics at Sichuan University in 1960 and has been engaged in biomaterials studies since 1983. His academic research focused on innovative biomaterials and medical implants for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, especially on tissue-inducing biomaterials, calcium phosphate-based biomaterials, surface and surface modification of biomaterials, bone tissue engineering and implants for dental and orthopaedic applications. He has received numerous awards, including Chinese National Natural Science Award (2007), Chinese National Science and Technology Progress Award (1998). Fellow of Biomaterials Science & Engineering, IUSBSE(2000), and Chinese National Expert with Outstanding Contribution (1992).

Xingdong Zhang (China)

Professor and Honorary Director of National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials at Sichuan University in China, Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Chairman of Chinese Committee for Biomaterials. He graduated from the department of physics at Sichuan University in 1960 and has been engaged in biomaterials studies since 1983. His academic research focused on innovative biomaterials and medical implants for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, especially on tissue-inducing biomaterials, calcium phosphate-based biomaterials, surface and surface modification of biomaterials, bone tissue engineering and implants for dental and orthopaedic applications. He has received numerous awards, including Chinese National Natural Science Award (2007), Chinese National Science and Technology Progress Award (1998). Fellow of Biomaterials Science & Engineering, IUSBSE(2000), and Chinese National Expert with Outstanding Contribution (1992).

	Besim Ben-Nissan (Australia) - Biomimetics and Marine Materials in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering: from natural role models, to bone regeneration and repair.
Professor Besim Ben-Nissan has higher degrees in Metallurgical Engineering (ITU), Ceranic Engineering (University of New South Wales) and a Ph.D. in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering/Biomedical Engineering (University of New South Wales). Over the last three decades together with a large numbers of PhD students he has worked on production and analysis of various biomedical implants, hydroxyapatite ceramics, advanced ceramics (alumina, zirconia, silicon nitrides), sol-gel developed nanocoatings for enhanced bioactivity, corrosion and abrasion protections, optical and electronic ceramics. He also has contributed in the areas of mechanical ¬properties of sol-gel developed nanocoatings. In the biomedical field, he has involved with the development of materials for implant technology (bioactive materials including conversion of Australian corals to hydroxyapatite bone grafts), biomimetics (learning from nature and its application to regenerative medicine), bio-composites, investigative research on biomechanics and Finite Element Analysis (jaw bone, knee, hip joints, hip resurfacing), reliability and implant design (modular ceramic knee prosthesis, femoral head stresses). He has initiated worlds first reliable ceramic knee and hydroxyapatite sol gel derived nanocoatings. Since 1990 he has published over 200 papers in journals, books and book chapters. He is one of the editors of the Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society and editorial board member of three international biomaterials journals. He has served as the Federal President and council member of Australian Ceramic Society (ACS), and International Society of Ceramics for Medicine and a board member of the Federation of the Advancement of Research in Medicine (FARM). He was awarded in 2000 "The Australasian Ceramic Society Award" for his contribution to Ceramic Education and Research and Development in Australia. He also received "Future Materials Award" in 2006 for his contribution to the biomedical materials field with Nanocoated materials and bone grafts. He has collaborated with a number of international groups in Japan, USA, Thailand, Finland, Israel and Turkey and held grants from the Australian Academy of Science andthe Japan Society for Promotion of Science for collaborative work in the biomedical field in USA and Japan respectively. Abstract Nature has been the most inspiring creative engineering source in the human history. Human beings have been trying to learn to mimic nature’s designs to develop application for either solving problems in their daily life and in engineering, science and medicine. The term “Biomimetics” or “learning from nature” is very intriguing action that increases the efficiency and the efect of the design. Applications of biomimicry are extended to many scientific and engineering fields covering areas from building and civil engineering to health sciences. Trying to mimic the bird we have developed supersonic jets; from the ultrasound waves of mosquitoes and bats we have developed sonar equipment; the surface topography of the leading edges of humpback whale are teaching us to make the airplane wings suite far more agile flight with better fuel efficiency. Nature can inform us in many incisive ways on how to build structures, design architectures and fabricate materials with exemplary high performance using minimal energy and substances optimized for many functions. A study of natural engineering structures has provided approaches for generating unique scaffolds for use in regenerative medicine with the potential to outperform conventional advanced man-made functional materials. The way natural systems allocate energy for different functions can instruct us on how to best optimize the design of materials and structure with minimum energy and with molecular level control. The essence of better performing natural materials compared to their man-made counterparts is more attention to design, the property of self-assembly, use of composites and control and repair of fracture. The materials building functions of organisms make use of “bottom-up” chemical processes over many length scales. By harnessing these processes including nanoscale ones we have the potential to generate “living materials” that adapt and respond to their surroundings. There is now greater appreciation and understanding of the significance of bio-inspired and nanotechnological approaches to the generation of new bio-related materials. The materials component of tissue engineering is the most amenable to this type of analysis alongside the increased sophistication of materials chemistry and nanofabrication to provide exceptional biomimetic solutions. Learning from nature has given us the use of ready-made natural organic and inorganic skeletons is one of the simplest remedies to vital problems in regenerative medicine-providing frameworks and highly accessible sources of osteopromotive analogues and mineralising proteins. This is exemplified by the biological effectiveness of marine structures and sponge skeletons to house self-sustaining musculoskeletal tissues and the promotion of bone formation by extracts of spongin and nacre seashell. Molecules pivotal to the regulation and guidance of bone morphogenesis and particularly the events in mineral metabolism and deposition similarly exist in the earliest marine organisms because they represent the first molecular components established for calcification, morphogenesis and wound healing. It emerges that bone morphogenic protein (BMP) molecules- the main cluster of bone growth factors for human bone morphogenesis- are secreted by endodermal cells into the developing skeleton. And signalling proteins, TGF- and Wnt-prime targets in bone therapeutics- are present in early marine sponge development, for example. Based on this co-existence of major developmental proteins between vertebrates and invertebrates. In this talk I review the nature and extent of this association and use it to support a new strategy to harness marine origin matrices as potential sources of new undiscovered metabolic, signalling and structural proteins and as accessible sources of protein analogues for regenerative medicine. Furthermore, ready-made organic and inorganic marine skeletons possess a habitat suitable for proliferating added mesenchymal stem cell populations and promoting clinically acceptable bone formation. During this review we tried to outline the development and progress of biomimetic and nanoscale approaches in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and slow drug delivery providing successful worked examples from our own research and fellow researchers with particular emphasis on inorganic structures.

Besim Ben-Nissan (Australia) - Biomimetics and Marine Materials in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering: from natural role models, to bone regeneration and repair.

Professor Besim Ben-Nissan has higher degrees in Metallurgical Engineering (ITU), Ceranic Engineering (University of New South Wales) and a Ph.D. in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering/Biomedical Engineering (University of New South Wales). Over the last three decades together with a large numbers of PhD students he has worked on production and analysis of various biomedical implants, hydroxyapatite ceramics, advanced ceramics (alumina, zirconia, silicon nitrides), sol-gel developed nanocoatings for enhanced bioactivity, corrosion and abrasion protections, optical and electronic ceramics. He also has contributed in the areas of mechanical ¬properties of sol-gel developed nanocoatings. In the biomedical field, he has involved with the development of materials for implant technology (bioactive materials including conversion of Australian corals to hydroxyapatite bone grafts), biomimetics (learning from nature and its application to regenerative medicine), bio-composites, investigative research on biomechanics and Finite Element Analysis (jaw bone, knee, hip joints, hip resurfacing), reliability and implant design (modular ceramic knee prosthesis, femoral head stresses). He has initiated worlds first reliable ceramic knee and hydroxyapatite sol gel derived nanocoatings. Since 1990 he has published over 200 papers in journals, books and book chapters. He is one of the editors of the Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society and editorial board member of three international biomaterials journals. He has served as the Federal President and council member of Australian Ceramic Society (ACS), and International Society of Ceramics for Medicine and a board member of the Federation of the Advancement of Research in Medicine (FARM). He was awarded in 2000 "The Australasian Ceramic Society Award" for his contribution to Ceramic Education and Research and Development in Australia. He also received "Future Materials Award" in 2006 for his contribution to the biomedical materials field with Nanocoated materials and bone grafts. He has collaborated with a number of international groups in Japan, USA, Thailand, Finland, Israel and Turkey and held grants from the Australian Academy of Science andthe Japan Society for Promotion of Science for collaborative work in the biomedical field in USA and Japan respectively.

Abstract

Nature has been the most inspiring creative engineering source in the human history. Human beings have been trying to learn to mimic nature’s designs to develop application for either solving problems in their daily life and in engineering, science and medicine. The term “Biomimetics” or “learning from nature” is very intriguing action that increases the efficiency and the efect of the design. Applications of biomimicry are extended to many scientific and engineering fields covering areas from building and civil engineering to health sciences. Trying to mimic the bird we have developed supersonic jets; from the ultrasound waves of mosquitoes and bats we have developed sonar equipment; the surface topography of the leading edges of humpback whale are teaching us to make the airplane wings suite far more agile flight with better fuel efficiency. Nature can inform us in many incisive ways on how to build structures, design architectures and fabricate materials with exemplary high performance using minimal energy and substances optimized for many functions. A study of natural engineering structures has provided approaches for generating unique scaffolds for use in regenerative medicine with the potential to outperform conventional advanced man-made functional materials. The way natural systems allocate energy for different functions can instruct us on how to best optimize the design of materials and structure with minimum energy and with molecular level control. The essence of better performing natural materials compared to their man-made counterparts is more attention to design, the property of self-assembly, use of composites and control and repair of fracture. The materials building functions of organisms make use of “bottom-up” chemical processes over many length scales. By harnessing these processes including nanoscale ones we have the potential to generate “living materials” that adapt and respond to their surroundings. There is now greater appreciation and understanding of the significance of bio-inspired and nanotechnological approaches to the generation of new bio-related materials. The materials component of tissue engineering is the most amenable to this type of analysis alongside the increased sophistication of materials chemistry and nanofabrication to provide exceptional biomimetic solutions. Learning from nature has given us the use of ready-made natural organic and inorganic skeletons is one of the simplest remedies to vital problems in regenerative medicine-providing frameworks and highly accessible sources of osteopromotive analogues and mineralising proteins. This is exemplified by the biological effectiveness of marine structures and sponge skeletons to house self-sustaining musculoskeletal tissues and the promotion of bone formation by extracts of spongin and nacre seashell. Molecules pivotal to the regulation and guidance of bone morphogenesis and particularly the events in mineral metabolism and deposition similarly exist in the earliest marine organisms because they represent the first molecular components established for calcification, morphogenesis and wound healing. It emerges that bone morphogenic protein (BMP) molecules- the main cluster of bone growth factors for human bone morphogenesis- are secreted by endodermal cells into the developing skeleton. And signalling proteins, TGF- and Wnt-prime targets in bone therapeutics- are present in early marine sponge development, for example. Based on this co-existence of major developmental proteins between vertebrates and invertebrates. In this talk I review the nature and extent of this association and use it to support a new strategy to harness marine origin matrices as potential sources of new undiscovered metabolic, signalling and structural proteins and as accessible sources of protein analogues for regenerative medicine. Furthermore, ready-made organic and inorganic marine skeletons possess a habitat suitable for proliferating added mesenchymal stem cell populations and promoting clinically acceptable bone formation. During this review we tried to outline the development and progress of biomimetic and nanoscale approaches in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and slow drug delivery providing successful worked examples from our own research and fellow researchers with particular emphasis on inorganic structures.

	James C. Kirkpatrick (Germany) - In vitro models of the regenerative niche in bone Tissue Engineering
C. James Kirkpatrick has a triple doctorate in science and medicine (MD, PhD, DSc) from the Queen’s University of Belfast (N. Ireland) and since 1993 is Professor of Pathology and Chairman of the Institute of Pathology at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany. Previous academic appointments were in pathology at the University of Ulm (1980-1985), Manchester University, UK (1985-1987) and the RWTH Aachen (1987-1993). He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists (FRCPath), London (since 1997) and an Honorary Professor at the Peking Union Medical College in Beijing and the Sichuan University in Chengdu, China (both since 2004). C. James Kirkpatrick is author/coauthor of 430 publications in peer-reviewed journals, and more than 1200 presentations to scientific meetings worldwide. He is a former President of both the German Society for Biomaterials (2001-2005) and the European Society for Biomaterials (2002-2007), and from the latter he received in 2008 the George Winter Award for his contribution to biomaterials in Europe. In 2010 he was awarded the Chapman Medal from the Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining, London, UK for “distinguished research in the field of biomedical materials”. Abstract Coculture systems with relevant human cells and biomaterials can be used to study the bone regenerative niche. Knowledge of this is a pre-requisite for developing new strategies to promote bone regeneration. Examples will be given of how both cell- and biomaterial-based signals can positively influence vascularization, which is a major limiting factor in vivo. Human osteoblast (pOB)-endothelial cell (EC) coculturesenable the study of cellular crosstalk and its possible use for translational strategies. In cooperative studies it has been shown that increased polymer content in a poly(caprolactone)-ceramic composite increases the in vitro formation of capillary-like structures (CLS), as does the early embryonic signal, sonic hedgehog. In fact, the latter accelerates both osteo- and angiogenesis. In as yet unpublished studies intermittent hypoxia, or alternatively hyperthermia, can also promote CLS formation in this coculture system.Currently, we are investigating the possible application of inflammatory factors, which are operative in regeneration, to accelerate bone repair. This includes the role of macrophage subpopulations.

James C. Kirkpatrick (Germany) - In vitro models of the regenerative niche in bone Tissue Engineering

C. James Kirkpatrick has a triple doctorate in science and medicine (MD, PhD, DSc) from the Queen’s University of Belfast (N. Ireland) and since 1993 is Professor of Pathology and Chairman of the Institute of Pathology at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany. Previous academic appointments were in pathology at the University of Ulm (1980-1985), Manchester University, UK (1985-1987) and the RWTH Aachen (1987-1993). He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists (FRCPath), London (since 1997) and an Honorary Professor at the Peking Union Medical College in Beijing and the Sichuan University in Chengdu, China (both since 2004). C. James Kirkpatrick is author/coauthor of 430 publications in peer-reviewed journals, and more than 1200 presentations to scientific meetings worldwide. He is a former President of both the German Society for Biomaterials (2001-2005) and the European Society for Biomaterials (2002-2007), and from the latter he received in 2008 the George Winter Award for his contribution to biomaterials in Europe. In 2010 he was awarded the Chapman Medal from the Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining, London, UK for “distinguished research in the field of biomedical materials”.

Abstract

Coculture systems with relevant human cells and biomaterials can be used to study the bone regenerative niche. Knowledge of this is a pre-requisite for developing new strategies to promote bone regeneration. Examples will be given of how both cell- and biomaterial-based signals can positively influence vascularization, which is a major limiting factor in vivo. Human osteoblast (pOB)-endothelial cell (EC) coculturesenable the study of cellular crosstalk and its possible use for translational strategies. In cooperative studies it has been shown that increased polymer content in a poly(caprolactone)-ceramic composite increases the in vitro formation of capillary-like structures (CLS), as does the early embryonic signal, sonic hedgehog. In fact, the latter accelerates both osteo- and angiogenesis. In as yet unpublished studies intermittent hypoxia, or alternatively hyperthermia, can also promote CLS formation in this coculture system.Currently, we are investigating the possible application of inflammatory factors, which are operative in regeneration, to accelerate bone repair. This includes the role of macrophage subpopulations.

	Luigi Ambrosio (Italy) - Ceramic Reinforcing Polymers for Bone Regeneration
Dr. Luigi Ambrosio is Director of the Institute for Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council of Italy, and Adjunct Professor of Biomaterials at University of Naples "Federico II'. Dr. Ambrosio’s research interests include design and characterisation of polymers and composites for medical applications and tissue engineering, rheology of biological fluids, structural properties of natural tissue, processing of polymers and composites, hydrogels and biodegradable polymers. He has published over 150 papers on international scientific journals and book, 16 patents, and over 250 presentations at international and national conferences. He has been nominated Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (March 2001), and Fellow of Biomaterials Science and Engineering (May 2004). He is member of Advisory Board and Guest Editor of International and National Scientific Journals, Council Member of the European Society for Biomaterials (ESB), VicePresident of the Italian Society of Biomaterials (SIB), President of the Interdisciplinary Biomaterials Group of the Italian Chemical Society and President of the European Society for Biomaterials (ESB). Dr. Ambrosio received the doctoral degree in Chemical Engineering (1982) from University of Naples "Federico II'. He was Research Associate at University of Naples (1983-1985), Research Associate at University of Connecticut, USA (1985-1986), and Visiting Scientist at Kontron Medical Inc., USA (1985- 1988). Abstract Natural bone tissue possesses a composite structure that provides appropriate physical and biological properties. For bone tissue regeneration, it is crucial for the biomaterial to mimic living bone tissue. Since no single type of material is able to mimic the composition, structure and properties of native bone, composites are the best choice for bone tissue regeneration as they can provide the appropriate matrix environment, integrate desirable biological properties, and provide controlled, sequential delivery of multiple growth factors for the different stages of bone tissue regeneration. In comparison with the single-component materials, the new generation of materials can synergistically combine the advantages of polymers (e.g., low weight, biocompatibility, desired shape and resistance to corrosion) with the bioactive properties of inorganic nanoparticles which concur to chemical/structural similarity to the components of the native bone. Different approaches are currently investigated to design ceramic-reinforced composites as candidates to be used in bone substitution grafts. A variety of nanocomposites have been fabricated from numerous polymers, including natural (collagen, gelatin, chitosan) as well as synthetic ones (PEG, PCL, PGA, PLA) and HA as candidates to be used in bone substitution grafts as scaffolds or injectable materials. To get a ﬁnely dispersed nanocomposite, sol–gel approaches have attracted much attention recently because of its well known advantages, which include the ability to generate nano-sized inorganic particles dispersed in polymeric matrix. This provides an improved mechanical response and improves the development of an apatite coating that may enhance cell-seeding subsequent tissue growth, contributing to a more efficient replacement of bone tissue. Alternatively, chemical unstable apatite forms (i.e, -tricalcium phosphates) with high water reactivity, may be satisfactory combined with physical (i.e, polyvinilalcool) and chemical (i.e, PHEMA) hydrogels to obtain composites with interesting properties for biomedical applications. The former ones allow obtaining injectable cements with no equal time-controlled workability, easy to handle and to inject long-time during the surgical procedure in bone surgery. The latter ones with high chemical stability show a mechanical response which makes them suitable to faithfully reproduce interfacial properties between hard and soft tissues (i.e, osteochondral tissue, endplates).

Luigi Ambrosio (Italy) - Ceramic Reinforcing Polymers for Bone Regeneration

Dr. Luigi Ambrosio is Director of the Institute for Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council of Italy, and Adjunct Professor of Biomaterials at University of Naples "Federico II'. Dr. Ambrosio’s research interests include design and characterisation of polymers and composites for medical applications and tissue engineering, rheology of biological fluids, structural properties of natural tissue, processing of polymers and composites, hydrogels and biodegradable polymers. He has published over 150 papers on international scientific journals and book, 16 patents, and over 250 presentations at international and national conferences. He has been nominated Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (March 2001), and Fellow of Biomaterials Science and Engineering (May 2004). He is member of Advisory Board and Guest Editor of International and National Scientific Journals, Council Member of the European Society for Biomaterials (ESB), VicePresident of the Italian Society of Biomaterials (SIB), President of the Interdisciplinary Biomaterials Group of the Italian Chemical Society and President of the European Society for Biomaterials (ESB). Dr. Ambrosio received the doctoral degree in Chemical Engineering (1982) from University of Naples "Federico II'. He was Research Associate at University of Naples (1983-1985), Research Associate at University of Connecticut, USA (1985-1986), and Visiting Scientist at Kontron Medical Inc., USA (1985- 1988).

Abstract

Natural bone tissue possesses a composite structure that provides appropriate physical and biological properties. For bone tissue regeneration, it is crucial for the biomaterial to mimic living bone tissue. Since no single type of material is able to mimic the composition, structure and properties of native bone, composites are the best choice for bone tissue regeneration as they can provide the appropriate matrix environment, integrate desirable biological properties, and provide controlled, sequential delivery of multiple growth factors for the different stages of bone tissue regeneration. In comparison with the single-component materials, the new generation of materials can synergistically combine the advantages of polymers (e.g., low weight, biocompatibility, desired shape and resistance to corrosion) with the bioactive properties of inorganic nanoparticles which concur to chemical/structural similarity to the components of the native bone. Different approaches are currently investigated to design ceramic-reinforced composites as candidates to be used in bone substitution grafts. A variety of nanocomposites have been fabricated from numerous polymers, including natural (collagen, gelatin, chitosan) as well as synthetic ones (PEG, PCL, PGA, PLA) and HA as candidates to be used in bone substitution grafts as scaffolds or injectable materials. To get a ﬁnely dispersed nanocomposite, sol–gel approaches have attracted much attention recently because of its well known advantages, which include the ability to generate nano-sized inorganic particles dispersed in polymeric matrix. This provides an improved mechanical response and improves the development of an apatite coating that may enhance cell-seeding subsequent tissue growth, contributing to a more efficient replacement of bone tissue. Alternatively, chemical unstable apatite forms (i.e, -tricalcium phosphates) with high water reactivity, may be satisfactory combined with physical (i.e, polyvinilalcool) and chemical (i.e, PHEMA) hydrogels to obtain composites with interesting properties for biomedical applications. The former ones allow obtaining injectable cements with no equal time-controlled workability, easy to handle and to inject long-time during the surgical procedure in bone surgery. The latter ones with high chemical stability show a mechanical response which makes them suitable to faithfully reproduce interfacial properties between hard and soft tissues (i.e, osteochondral tissue, endplates).

	Rui Reis (Portugal) - Biomimetic Strategies to Engineer Mineralised Human Tissues
Rui L. Reis, PhD, DSc, Hon. Causa MD, FBSE, is 46 years. Heis both the Director of the 3B’s Research Group and of the ICVS/3B´s PT Government Associate LaboratoryofUniversity of Minho, Portugal. He is also the CEO of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine(TERM) and the President and CSO of the company Stemmatters. He is an elected member of the General Council (the main governing board) of University of Minho. In addition, he is the World President-elect of TERMIS (Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine International Society) and the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (Wiley-Blackwell). He is the Portuguese scientist with more publications ever, being a co-author of 720 ISI listed publications (more than 550 full papers in scientific journals), around 210 book chapters, 25 patents and 6 books. He is PI of projects totalizing around 40 MEuros (around 25 MEuros for his U. Minho group), including the very prestigious European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant. He has been cited around 10500 times and has an h-factor of 51. He was been awarded several major national and international scientific and innovation awards, including both the Jean Leray and George Winter Awards from the European Society for Biomaterials (ESB). He was also awarded a honoris causa degree by the University of Granada, Spain. Abstract This presentation will show different ways to engineer mineralized tissues using an all range of distinct innovative scaffolds and stem cell sources. Some biomimetic and nanotechnology based approaches will also be described. The selection of a scaffold material is both a critical and difficult choice that will determine the success of failure of any tissue engineering (TE) strategy. We believe that natural origin materials are the best choice for many approaches, and all the presented examples will be based on our research using a panoply of scaffolds. In addition, we have been developing an assortment of processing methodologies to produce adequate scaffolds for different TE applications. Furthermore, an adequate cell source should be selected. Efficient cell isolation, expansion and differentiation methodologies should be developed and optimized. The use of bioreactors to control cell differentiation, as well as the surface modification of the materials in order to control cell adhesion and proliferation will also be illustrated.

Rui Reis (Portugal) - Biomimetic Strategies to Engineer Mineralised Human Tissues

Rui L. Reis, PhD, DSc, Hon. Causa MD, FBSE, is 46 years. Heis both the Director of the 3B’s Research Group and of the ICVS/3B´s PT Government Associate LaboratoryofUniversity of Minho, Portugal. He is also the CEO of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine(TERM) and the President and CSO of the company Stemmatters. He is an elected member of the General Council (the main governing board) of University of Minho. In addition, he is the World President-elect of TERMIS (Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine International Society) and the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (Wiley-Blackwell). He is the Portuguese scientist with more publications ever, being a co-author of 720 ISI listed publications (more than 550 full papers in scientific journals), around 210 book chapters, 25 patents and 6 books. He is PI of projects totalizing around 40 MEuros (around 25 MEuros for his U. Minho group), including the very prestigious European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant. He has been cited around 10500 times and has an h-factor of 51. He was been awarded several major national and international scientific and innovation awards, including both the Jean Leray and George Winter Awards from the European Society for Biomaterials (ESB). He was also awarded a honoris causa degree by the University of Granada, Spain.

Abstract

This presentation will show different ways to engineer mineralized tissues using an all range of distinct innovative scaffolds and stem cell sources. Some biomimetic and nanotechnology based approaches will also be described. The selection of a scaffold material is both a critical and difficult choice that will determine the success of failure of any tissue engineering (TE) strategy. We believe that natural origin materials are the best choice for many approaches, and all the presented examples will be based on our research using a panoply of scaffolds. In addition, we have been developing an assortment of processing methodologies to produce adequate scaffolds for different TE applications. Furthermore, an adequate cell source should be selected. Efficient cell isolation, expansion and differentiation methodologies should be developed and optimized. The use of bioreactors to control cell differentiation, as well as the surface modification of the materials in order to control cell adhesion and proliferation will also be illustrated.

	Roger Narayan (USA) - Laser Processing of Bioceramics
Dr. Roger Narayan is a Professor in the Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University. He is an author of over 150 publications as well as several book chapters on processing, characterization, and modeling of biomedical materials. He currently serves as editor-in-chief of Materials Science and Engineering C: Materials for Biological Applications (Elsevier), which is a leading journal in the biomaterials field. Dr. Narayan has also edited several books, including the textbook Biomedical Materials (Springer) and the handbook Materials for Medical Devices (ASM International). Dr. Narayan has received several honors for his research activities, including the NCSU Alcoa Foundation Engineering Research Achievement Award, the NCSU Sigma Xi Faculty Research Award, the University of North Carolina Jefferson-Pilot Fellowship in Academic Medicine, the National Science Faculty Early Career Development Award, the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award, and the American Ceramic Society Richard M. Fulrath Award. He has been elected as Fellow of ASM International, AAAS, and AIMBE. Abstract Laser-based processes such as laser direct writing and two photon polymerization have been used to prepare bioceramic materials with microstructured and nanostructured features for medical applications. For example, matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation-direct write involves use of laser ablation to prepare microscale patterns of bioceramic materials and other biomaterials. In this technique, the matrix containing the bioceramic material is spin-coated onto the ribbon; energy from a nanosecond excimer laser (e.g., an argon fluoride laser) is used to transfer the bioceramic material from the ribbon to the substrate. The matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation direct write has been used to create patterns of cells and bioceramics. Two photon polymerization uses pulses from a femtosecond laser for spatially localized excitation of photoinitiator molecules within a transparent resin. Two photon polymerization has been used to create medically-relevant structures with microscale features out of organically-modified ceramic materials, such as zirconium oxide-based hybrid materials.

Roger Narayan (USA) - Laser Processing of Bioceramics

Dr. Roger Narayan is a Professor in the Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University. He is an author of over 150 publications as well as several book chapters on processing, characterization, and modeling of biomedical materials. He currently serves as editor-in-chief of Materials Science and Engineering C: Materials for Biological Applications (Elsevier), which is a leading journal in the biomaterials field. Dr. Narayan has also edited several books, including the textbook Biomedical Materials (Springer) and the handbook Materials for Medical Devices (ASM International). Dr. Narayan has received several honors for his research activities, including the NCSU Alcoa Foundation Engineering Research Achievement Award, the NCSU Sigma Xi Faculty Research Award, the University of North Carolina Jefferson-Pilot Fellowship in Academic Medicine, the National Science Faculty Early Career Development Award, the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award, and the American Ceramic Society Richard M. Fulrath Award. He has been elected as Fellow of ASM International, AAAS, and AIMBE.

Abstract

Laser-based processes such as laser direct writing and two photon polymerization have been used to prepare bioceramic materials with microstructured and nanostructured features for medical applications. For example, matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation-direct write involves use of laser ablation to prepare microscale patterns of bioceramic materials and other biomaterials. In this technique, the matrix containing the bioceramic material is spin-coated onto the ribbon; energy from a nanosecond excimer laser (e.g., an argon fluoride laser) is used to transfer the bioceramic material from the ribbon to the substrate. The matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation direct write has been used to create patterns of cells and bioceramics. Two photon polymerization uses pulses from a femtosecond laser for spatially localized excitation of photoinitiator molecules within a transparent resin. Two photon polymerization has been used to create medically-relevant structures with microscale features out of organically-modified ceramic materials, such as zirconium oxide-based hybrid materials.

	Julian R. Jones (UK) - Bioactive Glasses: from Hench to Hybrids
Julian Jones is a Reader in Biomaterials at Imperial College London. His research interests are in scaffolds for regenerative medicine. His work on process development of foamed gel-derived bioactive glass produced the first 3D porous scaffold made from bioactive glass). His team has more recently produced tough and flexible bioactive inorganic/ organic hybrid scaffolds. His group's other research include; therapeutic nanoparticles; protein adsoption and cellular responses to biomaterials. In 2010 he was presented with Robert L. Coble Award by the American Ceramics Society. He recently co-edited an introductory textbook on Bio-glasses and has more than 70 journal articles, with 450 citations per annum. He is a Visiting Professor at Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan; Chair of the Biomedical Glass Technical Committee of the International Commission on Glass (ICG) and the co-Chair of the American Ceramics Society’s Bioceramics Technical Interest Group. Abstract Bioglass® has now been used in more than 1 million patients as a synthetic bone graft (NovaBone®, NovaBone Products LLC, FL) and is the active ingredient in Sensodyne Repair and Protect® Toothpaste. Bioglass has outperformed other bioactive ceramics in comparative in vivo studies but its potential for bone regeneration is limited because it is only available as a particulate. One reason for this is that the original Bioglass 45S5 composition crystallises during sintering. New compositions now exist that can be sintered without crystallising and a new processing routes have been developed that can produce strong scaffolds, e.g. 3D printing and our foaming processes. In vivo studies of our gel-cast foam scaffolds in an ovine model show 99% of the glass covered in new bone, including the internal pore structure. Using the sol-gel foaming process also avoids the crystallisation issue and allows the use of more simple compositions, e.g. 70S30C; 70% SiO2 and 30% CaO. In vitro data shows bone matrix production and active remodelling in osteoblast/ osteoclast co-culture. However in vivo, the results are more complex. The scaffolds only regenerated bone defects when preconditioned and then the percentage bone ingrowth preconditioned 70S30C scaffolds was similar to commercial Bioglass (NovaBone) and Si-HA (Actifuse®). Unlike the commercial products, pre-conditioned 70S30C scaffolds degraded and were replaced with new bone. All bioceramics scaffolds have the problem of being brittle. New developments in the synthesis of tough inorganic/ organic scaffolds with tailored degradation rates will be discussed.

Julian R. Jones (UK) - Bioactive Glasses: from Hench to Hybrids

Julian Jones is a Reader in Biomaterials at Imperial College London. His research interests are in scaffolds for regenerative medicine. His work on process development of foamed gel-derived bioactive glass produced the first 3D porous scaffold made from bioactive glass). His team has more recently produced tough and flexible bioactive inorganic/ organic hybrid scaffolds. His group's other research include; therapeutic nanoparticles; protein adsoption and cellular responses to biomaterials. In 2010 he was presented with Robert L. Coble Award by the American Ceramics Society. He recently co-edited an introductory textbook on Bio-glasses and has more than 70 journal articles, with 450 citations per annum. He is a Visiting Professor at Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan; Chair of the Biomedical Glass Technical Committee of the International Commission on Glass (ICG) and the co-Chair of the American Ceramics Society’s Bioceramics Technical Interest Group.

Abstract

Bioglass® has now been used in more than 1 million patients as a synthetic bone graft (NovaBone®, NovaBone Products LLC, FL) and is the active ingredient in Sensodyne Repair and Protect® Toothpaste. Bioglass has outperformed other bioactive ceramics in comparative in vivo studies but its potential for bone regeneration is limited because it is only available as a particulate. One reason for this is that the original Bioglass 45S5 composition crystallises during sintering. New compositions now exist that can be sintered without crystallising and a new processing routes have been developed that can produce strong scaffolds, e.g. 3D printing and our foaming processes. In vivo studies of our gel-cast foam scaffolds in an ovine model show 99% of the glass covered in new bone, including the internal pore structure. Using the sol-gel foaming process also avoids the crystallisation issue and allows the use of more simple compositions, e.g. 70S30C; 70% SiO2 and 30% CaO. In vitro data shows bone matrix production and active remodelling in osteoblast/ osteoclast co-culture. However in vivo, the results are more complex. The scaffolds only regenerated bone defects when preconditioned and then the percentage bone ingrowth preconditioned 70S30C scaffolds was similar to commercial Bioglass (NovaBone) and Si-HA (Actifuse®). Unlike the commercial products, pre-conditioned 70S30C scaffolds degraded and were replaced with new bone. All bioceramics scaffolds have the problem of being brittle. New developments in the synthesis of tough inorganic/ organic scaffolds with tailored degradation rates will be discussed.