Alexandra Sklavounou Professor and Chair, Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Athens She is the Head of the Dept. of Oral Medicine & Pathology Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2006-date , but also Director of Oral Medicine Clinic of Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens 2001- date, Member of the Postgraduate Curriculum Committee, Dental School, University of Athens, 2007-date, Director of the postgraduate program in Oral Medicine and Pathology, Dental School, University of Athens, 2007-date and Director of the undergraduate program in Oral Medicine and Pathology, Dental School, University of Athens, 2007-date. Other important dates: member of the scientific committee in many professional association (Past-President of the Hellenic Society of Oral Medicine and Pathology; Board Member of the European Association of Oral Medicine, Elected Board Member of the Hellenic Dental Association), member of the organizing committee of the different scientific meetings in the field of dentistry, oral medicine and pathology; Guest-editor of the International Journal of Dentistry as a representative of Europe, 2012; many research grants and contracts; awards and honours: Hamilton B.G. Robinson Prize, for the best Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology scientific paper published in Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontics, 2009; Waldron Award, 65th Annual Meeting and Continuing Education Program of American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, San Juan, Puerto Rico 2011; Honorary award from the Society for the Promotion of Education and Learning, Arsakeia - Tositseia Schools, 2011; Honorary Member of Romanian Oral Medicine Association, 2012; Memberships: American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, European Association of Oral Medicine (EAOM); Hellenic Society of Odontostomatological Research; Hellenic Association of Immunology; Hellenic Society of Oral Medicine and Pathology; Balkan Stomatological Society; Hellenic Society of Autoimmune Diseases; authors of some books. AbstractA wide variety of materials used in contemporary Dentistry which include drugs, chemicals, impression, prosthetic and restorative materials, subgingival implants, oral hygiene products may cause harm or injury to the surrounding structures of the oral cavity. Dental materials in current use are safe, effective, chemically stable and inert in the oral environment. Biological side effects attributed to dental materials are rare and estimates indicate that their frequency is in the range of 1:1000 – 1:10.000 of all dental treatment procedures. However, almost all dental materials exhibit some degree of dissolution, corrosion, degradation or chemical erosion and thus if dissolved components from the materials contain toxic or antigenic constituents local and/or systemic reactions may occur. The most verified oral adverse effects to dental materials are contact allergic reactions which, although rare, they should not however be underestimated since many of them contain components known to be common allergens, such as metals, mainly mercury (Hg) and nickel (Ni) but also chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), eugenol-containing cements and impression materials acrylic denture materials and resin composites as well as denture adhensive preparations. Allergic contact stomatitis may be acute or chromic with the affected mucosa appearing erythematous or whitish, superficially ulcerated with or without edema, burning sensation and/or itching. A challenging form of delayed hypersensitivity reactions are lichenoid reactions which resemble clinically and histopathologically to true lichen planus but are caused by dental restorative materials mainly amalgam, with mercury being the most frequent antigen and to a much lesser extent gold and resins. A distinct pattern of localized hypersensitivity reaction is plasma cell gingivitis whereas foreign body gingivitis is associated with particles of amalgam dust, corundum and silica from sand paper, disks and polishing pastes. Damage caused to the sulcular epithelium during dental procedures allows foreign materials to penetrate the gingival mucosa with result foreign body reaction, gingival enlargement and erythema. On the other hand leakage of caustic materials such as arsenical paste, phenol, paraformal dehyde, sodium hydrochloride as well as hydrogen peroxide in high concentrations may lead to mucosal necrosis. Finally it has recently been reported that subgingival implants are associated with the development of inflammatory reactive lesions as well as with bone formation in the adjacent area thus raising questions about the pathogenesis and clinical relevance aof such lesions. Dental materials possess beneficial and rarely undesirable properties. In the context of the advances in biotechnology, biocompatibility evaluation should involve the biological and physical aspects of the foreign material, the natural tissues that are being replaced and also of the surrounding oral structures. |